基于多源遥感数据的植物物种分类与识别: 研究进展与展望

物种分类与识别是生物多样性监测的基础, 明确物种的类别及其分布是解决几乎所有生态学问题的前提。为深入了解基于多源遥感数据的植物物种分类与识别相关研究的发展现状和存在的问题, 本文对2000年以来该领域的研究进行了总结分析, 发现: 当前大多数研究集中在欧洲和北美地区的温带或北方森林以及南非的热带稀树草原; 使用最多的遥感数据是机载高光谱数据, 而激光雷达作为补充数据, 通过单木分割及提供单木的三维垂直结构信息, 显著提高了分类精度; 支持向量机和随机森林作为应用最广的非参数分类算法, 平均分类精度达80%; 随着计算机技术及机器学习领域的不断成熟, 人工神经网络在物种识别领域得以迅速发展。基于此, 本文对目前基于遥感数据的植物物种分类与识别中在分类对象复杂性、多源遥感数据整合、植物物候与纹理特征整合和分类算法技术等方面面临的挑战进行了总结, 并建议通过整合多时相监测数据、高光谱和激光雷达数据、短波红外等特定波谱信息、采用深度学习等方法来提高分类精度。     

东北地区草本植物1个新记录科和3个新记录属

东北地区位于我国东北部,共有维管束植物164科928属3 103种。根据野外调查结果及相关资料,报道了东北地区草本植物1个新记录科—粟米草科(Molluginaceae)和3个新记录属—粟米草属(Mollugo L.)、牛膝属(Achyranthes L.)和秃疮花属(Dicranostigma Hook. f. et Thoms.),以及对应的3个新纪录种—粟米草(Mollugo stricta L.)、牛膝(Achyranthes bidentata Blume)和秃疮花[Dicranostigma leptopodum(Maxim.) Fedde]。新记录种凭证标本保存于大连自然博物馆植物标本室。这些新记录草本植物的发现,对东北地区生物多样性的研究具有重要意义,为其在我国的地理分布研究提供了新资料。     

Distributional dynamics of a specialized subterranean community oppose the classical understanding of the preferred subterranean habitats

Troglobionts are organisms that are specialized for living in a subterranean environment. These organisms reside prevalently in the deepest zones of caves and in shallow subterranean habitats, and complete their entire life cycles therein. Because troglobionts in most caves depend on organic matter resources from the surface, we hypothesized that they would also select the sections of caves nearest the surface, as long as environmental conditions were favorable. Over 1 year, we analyzed, in monthly intervals, the annual distributional dynamics of a subterranean community consisting of 17 troglobiont species, in relation to multiple environmental factors. Cumulative standardized annual species richness and diversity clearly indicated the existence of two ecotones within the cave: between soil and shallow subterranean habitats, inhabited by soil and shallow troglobionts; and between the transition and inner cave zones, where the spatial niches of shallow and deep troglobionts overlap. The mean standardized annual species richness and diversity showed inverse relationships, but both contributed to a better insight into the dynamics of subterranean fauna. Regression analyses revealed that temperatures in the range 7–10°C, high moisture content of substrate, large cross section of the cave, and high pH of substrate were the most important ecological drivers governing the spatiotemporal dynamics of troglobionts. Overall, this study shows general trends in the annual distributional dynamics of troglobionts in shallow caves and reveals that the distribution patterns of troglobionts within subterranean habitats may be more complex than commonly assumed.     

A Multiplexed Assay for Exon Recognition Reveals that an Unappreciated Fraction of Rare Genetic Variants Cause Large-Effect Splicing Disruptions

1. Download high-res image (142KB)
2. Download full-size image

     

Fine-scale habitat associations of Oklahoma's longspurs

Overwintering is a key demographic stage for migratory birds but remains poorly understood, especially among multiple declining grassland bird species. The non-breeding ranges all 4 species of longspur (i.e., chestnut-collared [Calcarius ornatus], Smith's [C. pictus], Lapland [C. lapponicus], thick-billed [Rhynchophanes mccownii]) overlap in Oklahoma and the Texas Panhandle, USA, making this region ideal to study their wintering ecology. We evaluated the relationship between wintering longspur occurrence and fine-scale habitat characteristics using a combination of standardized bird surveys and vegetation plot sampling. Our study encompassed large, representative tracts of 3 prairie ecosystems (i.e., shortgrass, mixed-grass, and tallgrass prairies) that intersect within the Southern Great Plains, during winters of 2018–2019 and 2019–2020. Using randomization tests and classification trees, we characterized longspur habitats and compared these associations across the 3 prairie ecosystems. Fine-scale winter habitats (horizontal structure, vertical structure, and species compositions) varied among all 4 longspur species, varied at very fine scales, and differed between grassland types. Our findings can be applied to the management of grasslands such as decreasing vegetation height in mixed-grass prairies for chestnut-collared longspurs or removing woody vegetation in shortgrass prairies for thick-billed longspurs to help develop full-life cycle conservation for longspurs, which have experienced population declines.     

基于单细菌共焦拉曼光谱的细菌快速检测

【背景】目前利用共焦拉曼光谱技术进行成像和成分鉴别方面的研究较多,但如何快速检测与鉴别多种细菌方面的研究较少。【目的】基于共焦拉曼光谱技术,建立一种在单细菌水平上实现病原微生物快速分类鉴定的方法。【方法】以大肠杆菌为研究对象,利用共焦拉曼光谱技术在单细菌水平上进行了激发波长的优化试验,并研究了大肠杆菌存放时间对单细菌拉曼光谱信息的影响。同时,对白色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌和铜绿假单胞菌进行了共焦拉曼光谱测试,并对5种细菌进行单细菌拉曼光谱的归属分析,设计共焦拉曼光谱技术结合支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)模型学习算法,进行了5种细菌的快速分类鉴别。【结果】对于单细菌拉曼光谱探测,532、633和785 nm这3种常见的拉曼探测波长中,532 nm具有更好的激发效率和光谱信噪比。结合SVM模型对5种细菌的识别分类,SVM模型的灵敏度和特异性达到了96.00%以上,整体准确率为98.25%。不同存放时间下大肠杆菌拉曼光谱的重复性和稳定性都很好,且SVM模型匹配率均在90.00%以上。【结论】单细菌拉曼光谱结合SVM模型可对5种细菌进行快...     

A biogeographical analysis of Muhlenbergia (Poaceae: Chloridoideae: Cynodonteae: Muhlenbergiinae)

A phylogeny based on the analysis of six DNA sequence markers (ITS, ndhA intron, rpl32-trnL, rps3, rps16 intron, and rps16-trnK) is used to infer ancestral areas and divergence times, and reconstruct the biogeographical history and evolution of 150 of the 183 (82%) species of Muhlenbergia. Our results suggest that the genus originated 9.3 mya in the Sierra Madre (Occidental and Oriental) in Mexico, splitting into six lineages: M. ramulosa diverging 8.2 mya, M. subg. Muhlenbergia at 5.9 mya, M. subg. Pseudosporobolus at 5.9 mya, M. subg. Clomena at 5.4 mya, M. subg. Bealia at 4.3 mya, and M. subg. Trichochloa at 1 mya, each of these with a high probability of Sierra Madrean origin. Our results further suggest that founder-event speciation from Sierra Madre to South America occurred independently multiple times in all five subgenera during the Pleistocene and late Pliocene. One long-distance dispersal event most likely originating from Central or Eastern North America to East and Central Asia occurred 1.6–1 mya in M. subg. Muhlenbergia. In our cladogram, members of M. subg. Trichochloa show little genetic resolution, suggesting very low levels of divergence among the species, and this may be a consequence of rapid radiation.     

慢性肺源性心脏病患者血清白细胞介素-6、降钙素原、D-二聚体、N端B型脑钠肽前体与心功能分级和预后的关系研究

摘要 目的：探讨慢性肺源性心脏病（CCP）患者血清白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、降钙素原（PCT）、D-二聚体（D-D）、N端B型脑钠肽前体（NT-proBNP）与心功能分级和预后的关系。方法：选取2020年1月～2021年5月合肥市第一人民医院全科医学科及呼吸与危重症科收治的170例CCP患者（CCP组）,其中纽约心脏协会（NYHA）心功能分级Ⅱ级49例、Ⅲ级66例、Ⅳ级55例,根据1年后存活状况分为死亡组26例和存活组144例,另选取同期54名体检健康者（对照组）。收集CCP患者临床资料,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清IL-6、PCT、D-D、NT-proBNP水平。通过多因素Logistic回归分析CCP患者预后不良的影响因素,受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析血清IL-6、PCT、D-D、NT-proBNP水平对CCP患者预后不良的预测价值。结果：与对照组比较,CCP组血清IL-6、PCT、D-D、NT-proBNP水平升高（P＜0.05）。Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级CCP患者血清IL-6、PCT、D-D、NT-proBNP水平依次升高（P＜0.05）。单因素分析显示,死亡组NYHA心功能分级Ⅳ级、肺动脉收缩压、Tie指数和血清IL-6、PCT、D-D、NT-proBNP水平高于存活组,第1秒用力呼气容积（FEV₁）占预计值％、FEV₁/用力肺活量（FVC）、三尖瓣环收缩期位移低于存活组（P＜0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,NYHA心功能分级Ⅳ级和肺动脉收缩压、IL-6、PCT、D-D、NT-proBNP升高为CCP患者预后不良的独立危险因素,FEV1占预计值％升高为独立保护因素（P＜0.05）。ROC曲线分析显示,血清IL-6、PCT、D-D、NT-proBNP水平单独与联合预测CCP患者预后不良的曲线下面积分别为0.789、0.789、0.792、0.801、0.954,灵敏度分别为93.33％、66.67％、66.67％、86.67％、86.67％,特异度分别为46.67％、82.67％、85.33％、66.67％、94.67％。血清IL-6、PCT、D-D、NT-proBNP水平联合预测CCP患者预后不良的AUC大于单项预测（P＜0.05）。结论：CCP患者血清IL-6、PCT、D-D、NT-proBNP水平升高可增加心功能严重程度并导致预后不良,可作为CCP患者预后不良的辅助预测指标,且四项指标联合检测具有更好的预测效能。     

三突起类花粉形态学及其度量和描述

三突起类(Triprojectacites Mtchedlishvili,1961 emend. Stanley,1970)是晚白垩世—古新世北半球广泛分布的一类被子植物花粉,具有重要的孢粉植物分区和地层意义。其主要特征是发育突出于体的突起和其末端的沟状萌发器。由于形态复杂多变,该类花粉在度量和描述中存在不少难点,缺少明确而统一的标准,制约了其分类的进展。本文根据对松辽盆地白垩系三突起类标本的萌发器、极性、突起形态和纹饰等分类性状的观察,结合对前人在三突起类描述、分类中存在问题的剖析,提出了一套形态学术语、度量方法和参数。它们不仅能有效避免各种误差、准确反映和描述三突起类花粉的形态特征,而且还适用于不同位置保存的标本,有助于建立这些标本之间的联系,为三突起类花粉分类系统提供了科学合理的形态学度量和描述基础。     

Price of disorder in the lac repressor hinge helix

The Lac system of genes has been pivotal in understanding gene regulation. When the lac repressor protein binds to the correct DNA sequence, the hinge region of the protein goes through a disorder to order transition. The structure of this region of the protein is well understood when it is in this bound conformation, but less so when it is not. Structural studies show that this region is flexible. Our simulations show this region is extremely flexible in solution; however, a high concentration of salt can help kinetically trap the hinge helix. Thermodynamically, disorder is more favorable without the DNA present.